Wednesday, August 26, 2020
Electric Cars Essay Example for Free
Electric Cars Essay Are electric vehicles a more manageable technique for transport than diesel or petroleum controlled vehicles? In this Case Study, I investigated whether electric vehicles are as eco-accommodating as they guarantee to be, giving a reasonable strategy for transport that could essentially decrease our carbon impressions on the off chance that we as a whole dumped the convectional vehicles, and changed to electric vehicles. I discovered numerous contentions both for and against electric vehicles. Electric vehicles are fueled by an electric engine which draws its capacity from an on-board battery pack which goes about as a vitality store for the vehicle. Vitality is estimated in joules. A joule is an extremely modest quantity of vitality so a household power meter quantifies the vitality in kilowatt hours. Emotionless Energy Transferred = Power x Time (Joules, J) (Watts, W) (Seconds, S) (Kilowatt hours kWh) (Kilowatts, kW) (Hours, H) Source; GCSE Core Science correction manage (Information gathered from GCSE Science modification control 13:26hours) Batteries are charged by basically associating the vehicle to a mains power flexibly, and are typically should be charged for the time being (or 7-8 hours) for a full charge. Power is an optional wellspring of vitality. This implies the power is produced somewhere else from another vitality source, on account of an electric vehicle, the essential source (where the power first originates from) will be from coal controlled force stations. A few people accept that coal fueled stations, discharge the equivalent if not more outflow of unsafe gas into the air. On the other hand, others feel that they don't dirty, and set aside cash, while diminishing the Carbon Footprint, that would somehow or another be expanding if a petroleum or diesel controlled vehicle was utilized. Fors Electric vehicles produce no CO? outflows when they are running, and neither do they discharge nitrous oxide or produce other hurtful molecule emanations either. Ordinary fossil fuelled street transport represents around one fifth of all worldwide ozone depleting substance emanation. Outflows from the burning of a diesel or petroleum controlled motor, are carbon based powers, which discharge, disagreeable and possibly hazardous exhaust. Electric vehicles, then again, don't create any waste gases when progressing. In Europe, where power is delivered in various manners, electric vehicles do offer ecological advantages when contrasted and vehicles with inner ignition motors. Electric vehicles controlled by the current European power blend, have been found to offer a 10% to 24% abatement in their a worldwide temperature alteration possible comparative with customary diesel or petroleum vehicles. An electric vehicle expends vitality, at a level far not as much as that of petroleum or diesel controlled vehicles. Just as this they are amazingly practical. The price tag of electric vehicles is essentially higher than that of diesel/petroleum fueled vehicles, yet this is completely exceeded when the expense of running the vehicle is mulled over. Electric vehicles run longer, quicker and more proficiently than convectional vehicles. Against Electric vehicles are just at ââ¬Å"zero emissionâ⬠on the off chance that they get their capacity from a sustainable source. Coal fueled force plants, alongside different sources used to accommodate power for these electric vehicles don't give this, as they will in general use non-inexhaustible. At whatever point non-renewable energy sources, for example, coal are singed they increment the measure of carbon dioxide (CO? ) in the air. Charging an electric vehicle just uses 3% of inexhaustible assets, the monster measure of 97% originates from assets, for example, coal; which are non-sustainable, a rate that isn't obviously superior to an ordinary vehicle. A choice here is to utilize a green duty for your power gracefully which will bring down the carbon force of your power flexibly. Electric vehicles run off batteries produced using metals, for example, lithium or zinc. These metals originate from reused batteries, different vehicles, forklifts or now and again wheelchairs. Anyway the real creation of these batteries, depend on requests of virgin materials. This subsequently implies these batteries have a gigantic carbon impression Another source I found, really said that electric vehicles cause more contamination than diesel and petroleum fueled vehicles. The power produced to control electric vehicles caused more particulate issue contamination than that brought about by an equal number of petroleum driven vehicles. Particulate issue originates from the burning of non-renewable energy sources and incorporates acids, natural synthetics, metals, and soil or residue particles. For electric vehicles, ignition emanations happen where power is produced as opposed to where the vehicle is utilized. The force produced to control electric vehicles, discharge unsafe particles at an a lot higher rate than diesel and petroleum vehicles do. Regarding air contamination impacts, they discovered, electric vehicles are progressively unsafe to general wellbeing per kilometer went than ordinary vehicles. A comparable source was found, however this time composed by BBC. They state that not exclusively do electric vehicles dirty more than diesel and petroleum controlled vehicles, yet they likewise represent an ecological danger. It has been found that electric vehicle processing plants additionally radiated more poisonous waste than regular vehicle manufacturing plants. The creation period of electric vehicles demonstrated significantly more ecologically concentrated, and the a worldwide temperature alteration potential from electric vehicle creation is about twice that of regular vehicles. Just as this the utilization and the finish of-life disassembling of a vehicle influences the earth unmistakably more than diesel/petroleum fueled vehicles. Also, creating batteries and electric engines requires a ton of harmful minerals, for example, nickel, copper and aluminum. Consequently, the fermentation sway is a lot more noteworthy than that of customary vehicle creation. Comparative data was additionally found on the Guardian Website, which is another source than is viewed as quality media, as reports are composed by a perceived master in the field. The batteries used to control electric vehicles are substantial, and this may influence the speed to some degree alongside the separation that the vehicle can travel. Battery costs fluctuate, however they will in general be incredibly costly, costing around a few thousand pounds, and the need to be supplanted like clockwork, best case scenario. The greatest range that the vehicle will permit you to venture out before it should be revived is around 100 miles, and energizing can take 7 or 8 hours, before the battery is full and the vehicle can run proficiently once more. The charging should be possible at charging stations, yet the quantities of these are in their couple of, and far between. Discarding the batteries can likewise cause genuine natural issues and issues. Synthetic concoctions spilled from the battery may likewise be incredibly risky.? The principle essential vitality source that is utilized by people is through the consuming of fossils powers, for example, oil, coal or gas. Atomic powers, biofuels, for example, wood, waves and radiation from the (sun based vitality). To create power, fuel is scorched to deliver heat. 1) The warmth is utilized to bubble water, which produces steam. 2) The steam drives the turbines, which power the generators 3) Electricity delivered in the generators is sent to a transformer and afterward on to the National Grid. 4) Electricity is dispersed, through the national lattice at high voltages to forestall vitality misfortune. Force stations that consume non-renewable energy sources like coal produce carbon dioxide, which is a sort an ozone depleting substance, add to an Earth-wide temperature boost and environmental change. (Data gathered from GCSE Revision control 12/1/13 13:58hours) To finish up I feel that electric vehicles are not more maintainable than diesel or petroleum fueled vehicles. They are regularly increasingly proficient to run, when things, for example, cost are mulled over, yet the technique that it used to deliver the power that gives the vehicles the force they need, appears to discharge the equivalent, if not progressively hurtful emanation into the environment. This is essentially through the creation of the power, and the consuming of coal which discharges Carbon Dioxide (CO? ) into the environment. To overcome this issue, rather than the utilization of coal controlled force stations, pedal force stations give an eco-accommodating other option. Be that as it may, more prominent force apparatuses will take more vitality and power to control. Producing power is rarely 100% effective. Constant cycling will cause the cyclists bodies to get drained, and any vitality put away from food or drink, just some is radiated as vitality to deliver the power, the dominant part is emitted as warmth. Another technique that could be utilized as another option, to guarantee the measure of ozone depleting substances discharged is kept negligible, is the utilization of sustainable power sources. Instances of sustainable power sources are; * Wind * Waves * Bio fills, (for example, wood). * Solar force Traveling alone in a vehicle utilizes more vitality than open vehicle, which implies the utilization of open vehicle can likewise give a more impact, maintainable vehicle strategy than electric vehicles, and diesel or petroleum controlled vehicles. Transport | Energy per traveler/KM (Kwh/traveler )| Bus| 0. 19| Train| 0. 06| Aircraft| 0. 51| Boat | 0. 57| Car| 0. 6| Source â⬠GCSE Physics book (Information recovered 10/1/13 13:01hours) Sustainable Transport is in some cases known as Green Transport and it is any type of transport that doesn't utilize or depend on decreasing common assets. Rather it depends on sustainable or recovered vitality as opposed to petroleum products that have a limited future. Therefore it is said to have a low or a negative impact on the earth since it utilizes vitality sources that are manageable. GCSE Physics book/Core Science Revision book â⬠These are entirely dependable sources as they are school course books and are composed by perceived specialists in the field, to be utilized in schools, and different types of training.
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Ancient Greek Religion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Old Greek Religion - Research Paper Example Proposal proclamation: The old Greek religion is totally not the same as different religions on the grounds that the equivalent doesn't speak to monotheism, yet is emblematic of the one of a kind qualities of the various parts of Greek culture (say, Greek folklore, Greek divine beings and religious philosophy). Old Greek religion and folklore One can see that antiquated Greek religion and Greek folklore are interconnected. Furthermore, this association depends on various legendary stories on the connection between the divine beings and individuals. Walter Burkert opined that ââ¬Å"The most significant proof for Greek religion remains the abstract proof, particularly as the Greeks established such a famously artistic cultureâ⬠(4). At the point when one experiences Greek folklore, one can see that the majority of the Greek legends (state, Hercules, Odysseus and so forth), looked for help from the Greek divine beings. In contrast to different religions, old Greek religion gives l ess significance to cosmogony. On the opposite side, antiquated Greek religion is certainly not a solitary religion dependent on a solitary god or the architect of the considerable number of things that can be found known to mankind. Rather, the antiquated Greek religion comprises of a number strict convictions for the most part know as a solitary religion. This one of a kind attribute of antiquated Greek religion prompted various perspectives on the formation of the universe. On the opposite side, the greater part of the accounts identified with Greek folklore give adequate significance to fighting and the association of the divine beings in the equivalent. For example, the Trojan War is a significant subject in Greek folklore, wherein the Greek divine beings extended their assistance to the destitute. In addition, Greek folklore can be considered as the foundation of Roman writing and the inception of epic verse. Along these lines, one can't disregard the significance of Greek fol klore and its urgent job in the development of old Greek religion. This demonstrates the presence of Greek folklore is profoundly obligated to the Greek divine beings and antiquated Greek religion. Old Greek religion and divine beings As a gathering of strict convictions dependent on polytheism, old Greek religion had various divine beings/goddesses. Bernard Evslin expressed that ââ¬Å"The Greeks acknowledged that there were numerous divine beings and that they were very nearâ⬠(113). Additionally, Mount Olympus is emblematic of the residence of the vast majority of the Greek divine beings/goddesses. Among the Greek divine beings/goddesses, Zeus was generally significant. In any case, a definitive force and impact over different divine beings/goddesses can be considered as an innate status acquired by Zeus from his progenitors. In this way, one can without much of a stretch distinguish that antiquated Greek religion gave abundant significance to their divine beings/goddesses. Additionally, the old Greeks gave certain human qualities to their divine beings. For example, a definitive force was not vested upon any god/goddess. Rather, Greek divine beings/goddesses had families and their individual force speaks to the chain of importance of intensity. The antiquated Greeks were keen on strict services and formal practices/celebrations. Inside this unique circumstance, they utilized special stepped areas to demonstrate their devotion and regard towards their divine beings/goddesses. What's more, the aficionados were permitted to put stock in any god. The lovers used to love their divine beings/goddesses by introducing important articles. Daniel Ogden expressed that ââ¬Å"Sacrifice was the focal demonstration of Greek religion, however not at all like a container or a sculpture devoted to a god, a penance
Friday, August 21, 2020
The Double Edged Sword
The Double Edged Sword The February 13 edition of Time Magazine had an interesting article that I think would make for some good discussion. For a full reference, you can see the article here. Basically, what I gathered from the article is that the US is no longer the superpower when it comes to scientific development. Other countries are becoming equally competititive in this new era where communication occurs rapidly and information is only a keystroke away. There was one part of the article that made me feel a bit uneasy. If we compare what our best undergraduates get paid as a graduate student vs. what they get paid in investment banking, theres no doubt that theres tremendous economic pressure to suck you away from what is perhaps your first academic love. As for teaching science at the precollege level, salaries and working conditions are even more dismal. Students at elite universities are getting that message loud and clear. Melisa Gao, 20, is a senior majoring in chemistry at Princeton, but when recruiters from consulting firms and investment banks showed up on campus last fall, she went on several interviews, and she will take a job as a consultant after graduation. She says, They love the fact that science majors can think analytically, that were comfortable with numbers. Increasingly, science majors love those companies back. Gao says, There are no guarantees if you go into science, especially as a woman. You have to worry about getting tenure. Or if you go into industry, it takes you a long time to work your way up the ladder. If you go into finance or consulting instead, by the time your roommate is out of grad school, youve been promoted, plus youre making a lot more money, while theyre stuck in lab. Even at M.I.T., the U.S.s premier engineering school, the traditional career path has lost its appeal for some students. Says junior Nicholas Pearce, a chemical-engineering major from Chicago: Its marketed asI dont want to say dead end but sort of O.K., heres your role, heres your lab, heres what youre going to be working on. Even if its a really cool product, youre locked into it. Like Gao, Pearce is leaning toward consulting. If youre an M.I.T. grad and youre going to get paid $50,000 to work in a cubicle all dayas opposed to $60,000 in a team setting, plus a bonus, plus this, plus thatit seems like a no-brainer. Theres a lot of validity in this statement. Teachers and professors make less money than those who go into banking. The life of a graduate student sometimes is less than glamorous. I still love science. One of the things I have been encountering lately is my engineering friends deciding that they want to leave the sciences and go into banking or consulting. This week alone, walking up and down the Infinite, Ive run into a bunch of friends on their way to interviews with some of the worlds biggest banks and consulting firms. I wont lie; I really used to want that for myself as well. I wanted to wear the pinstripe suit and walk down Wall Street into my office on the top floor with my own personal cappucino machine. Today, I want a some lab space and research journals to publish my findings. What happened? I really dont know. One of the things Ive observed is that these days a lot of people associate success with $ucce$$. Research careers may not necessarily yield stock options and company cars; they probably wont, but I still think these jobs are just as important as the person at Goldman Sachs. Without science, where would we be? What I consider success has dramatically changed. I spend countless hours in lab watching the hours go by until I get an interesting data point that highlights some feature worth writing a paper about. Ive become paper-hungry but not with regards to money, but to how many journals I can get in before I graduate and the ultimate success, FIRST AUTHOR. As for MIT students leaving engineering and the sciences for consulting and finance, to each his own. Ill take my lab bench any day. Personally, my experience here has reaffirmed my unquenched desire to play with the unknown, and for me, I find that in science and engineering. Inventing my own equations and just going for it. What do you think about this article?
Sunday, May 24, 2020
How Poetry Can Ride The Bus - 998 Words
The poems ââ¬Å"Introduction to Poetryâ⬠, ââ¬Å"Poemâ⬠, ââ¬Å"Poetry Should Ride the Busâ⬠, ââ¬Å"How Poetry comes to meâ⬠, ââ¬Å"How I Discovered Poetryâ⬠, and ââ¬Å"Making It in Poetryâ⬠. These poems express their authorââ¬â¢s thoughts on poetry beautifully. Each author gives their own interpretation of what poetry is to them. However, each poem carries small differences and similarities. At the end, each poem has taught its readers a new meaning of poetry. To begin, in the poem ââ¬Å"Introduction to Poetryâ⬠by Billy Collins he wants his readers to appreciate each poem as a piece of art. He wants his readers to look at the poem and get absorbed into the emotion of the poem instead of only wondering what the poem means. He uses personification in this quote ââ¬Å"tie the poem to a chair with rope/ and torture a confession out of itâ⬠to express what we do to poems (356). We the readers should instead pay attention to the rhyme and style of the word. We should stop worrying about the meaning of the poem. This is similar to another author style in ââ¬Å"Poemâ⬠by William Carlos Williams he uses a cat to movements in the ââ¬Å"jamclosetâ⬠to show his readers that we should be like the cat. The cat takes its time to get around the ââ¬Å"jamclosetâ⬠which is what the readers should do with poetry we must take our time to look at it and appreciate each word, line and stanza. In ââ¬Å"Poetry Should Ride the Busâ⬠by Ruth Forman, shows poetry in a different meaning she discusses how poetry can be everywhere in the world. She explains that poetry canShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Poetry Should Ride The Bus By Ruth Forman1066 Words à |à 5 PagesPoetry can follow your life all the way through, from the innocence of a child, to the end of your days. The comfort, seduction, education, occasion and hope found in poems are elaborated in Poetry Should Ride the Bus by Ruth Forman. As the poem reads on , you not only travel through the life of a person from adolescence to being elderly through vivid imagery, but also hit on specific genres of poems through the personification of poetry as the characters in the stages of life. This poemââ¬â¢s genresRead MoreA New Meaning Of Poetry943 Words à |à 4 PagesMeaning of Poetry The poems ââ¬Å"Introduction to Poetry,â⬠ââ¬Å"Poem,â⬠ââ¬Å"Poetry Should Ride the Bus,â⬠ââ¬Å"How Poetry comes to me,â⬠ââ¬Å"How I Discovered Poetry,â⬠and ââ¬Å"Making It in Poetryâ⬠express their poetââ¬â¢s thoughts on poetry beautifully. Each poet gives their own interpretation of what poetry means to them. However, each poem carries small differences and similarities. In the end, each poem has teaches its readers a new way to approach and appreciate of poetry. To begin, in the poem ââ¬Å"Introduction to Poetry,â⬠BillyRead MoreAnalysis of Six Poems1130 Words à |à 4 Pagesââ¬Å"Introduction to Poetry,â⬠ââ¬Å"How I Discovered Poetry,â⬠ââ¬Å"Poetry Should Ride the Bus,â⬠ââ¬Å"How Poetry comes to me,â⬠ââ¬Å"Making It in Poetryâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Poem.â⬠I for one will be explicating each poem and discussing how they are similar and different in their own ways. As well as explaining my own thoughts on the poems themselves and summarizing what I believe them to be. In the first poem, ââ¬Å"Introduction to Poetryâ⬠the speaker is obviously a teacher. He is trying to get his students to appreciate poetry. The firstRead MoreAnalysis of Anzia Yezierskas The Lost Beautifulness825 Words à |à 3 Pagesthink she is overly enamored with her wonderful son and even her husband dislikes how much money she foolishly sinks into a property that is not her own. But they are eventually touched by the care and concern she puts into her apartment to make it look better. However, her cruel landlord, the only truly unlikeable character in the story, exploits Hannehs hard work and raises her rent, saying that in America that is how capitalism works ruthlessly. When he raises the rent, Hanneh tries to give herRead MoreInside Rap Music Essay631 Words à |à 3 Pagesenough food to eat, how he turned to crime, and how he spent most of his life burying his peers. In a son call ââ¬Å"Smileâ⬠he tells the listeners to, ââ¬Å"keep their head upâ⬠¦ and if they believe, they can achieve.â⬠(Scarface) In a call ââ¬Å"Niggaz Done Changeâ⬠he tells the listeners about his life and the song also tells how, ââ¬Å"[Tupac was] shot and murdered.â⬠(2Pac) The moral of the song was that if a person lives that lifestyle the out come could be death. Rap music is a form of poetry and story telling. AnRead More Anne Sexton1732 Words à |à 7 Pagesstories, clearly follows this pattern. First, the speaker tells four stories: one of a plumber who wins the lottery, one of a nursemaid who marries her bossââ¬â¢s son, a milkman who makes a fortune in real estate, and a charwoman who becomes rich after a bus she was on crashes, and she collects on insurance. The progression of these stories themselves lay cynicism into the form of the poem. The speaker starts with a story about a lottery winner, which is something lucky and could be taken as the universeRead MoreAnalysis Of Langston Hughes And His Harlem Dream1639 Words à |à 7 Pagesinfluential movement known as the Harlem Renaissance. One among all made a significant change that can and never will be forgotten, and that is the great voice of civil equality through the works of Langston Hughes as he was one of the vanguards of this movement and his poetry directly influenced this black awakening. Hughes in his creativity and passion for the art of literature fabricated the very essence of what can be described as ââ¬Ëfreedom writingââ¬â¢, creating a foundation for the establishment of other creativeRead MoreThematic Message Of A Poem1878 Words à |à 8 Pagestells the reader that the persona is in a bus, and is feeling lonely. Line 2, simply, states that they sit down. Looking at Lines 3 ââ¬â 4, the persona looks out the window and stares at the winter climate, and then, looks at the floor beneath their feet. Stanza 1, Line 5, tells the reader that they see 4 black Jube Jubes, and in the next line, states that they are squished. Looking at Stanza 2, a lady is brought up within the first line. This woman scans the bus and finds the empty seat next to the personaRead MoreDescriptive Essay About Daniel Jones1893 Words à |à 8 Pagesof steel. The strength is what got me through the school bus rides. The boys would touch me as I walked down the aisl e, thereââ¬â¢d be the occasional brawl. I just never cared. My life was cold, and the only real sparks of emotion came from the boy who sat in a seat diagonally in front of me on the bus. He was in the same grade as me, but we never shared the same classes. I was in regular math and science, and from the way he often wrote poetry, he was probably advanced in language arts, a subject I failedRead MoreLangston Hughes And His Harlem Dream1902 Words à |à 8 PagesOne among all made a significant change that can and never will be forgotten. A man of literary genius, social awareness, black pride and an undeniable intelligence, and that is the great voice of civil equality through the works of Langston Hughes as he was one of the vanguards of this movement and his poetry directly influenced this black awakening. Hughes in his creativity and passion for the art of literature fabricated the very essence of what can be described as ââ¬Ëfreedom writingââ¬â¢, creating a
Wednesday, May 13, 2020
Political Philosophy James C. Scott - 2530 Words
James C. Scott has been sitting on these ideas of anarchism for over 20 years before putting out the book Two Cheers for Anarchism and the viewpoints are still relevant today. It has been my favorite book we have read and discussed this semester due to the fact that everyone at a point in their life has had certain ideas or has looked at the world in a way that wasnââ¬â¢t going to be universally liked. Thatââ¬â¢s what Scott has done and on the first page of the preface he writes, ââ¬Å"Again and again over three decades, I found myself having said something in a seminar discussion or having written something and then catching myself thinking, Now thatââ¬â¢s what an anarchist would argueâ⬠(ix). There are some conflicting views in Two Cheers for Anarchism and Political Philosophy: An Introduction. Jason Brennan, the author of Political Philosophy: An Introduction, is a book that goes over many ideas like Scottââ¬â¢s, but also includes the theories of other philosophers. This paper will show how Scott, Brennan, Nozick, Hayek, and Rawls view the differences in wealth, property, and status. I will explore how each philosopher feels about these topics and how they differ. Scott identifies with a lot of arguments that anarchists make but thereââ¬â¢s one he disagrees with, ââ¬Å"The last strand of anarchist thought I definitely wish to distance myself from is the sort of libertarianism that tolerates (or even encourages) great differences in wealth, property, and statusâ⬠(Scott, xiv). To understand more whyShow MoreRelatedThe Life and Accomplishments of James Madison995 Words à |à 4 PagesJames Madison was born in Port Conway, Virginia on March 16th, 1751. Madison received an education at the college of New Jersey and graduated in 1771. He studied Latin, geography, and Philosophy. In 1774 he joined the local committee of safety which was a patriot group that monitored the actions of the local militia. Two years later Madison became a delegate in the Virginia convention and took part in the framing of the Virginia constitution. During the general election for delegates in the stateRead MoreEssay on Theories2640 Words à |à 11 Pages Theories in Criminal Justice nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;If one were to look up the definition of the word theory, they might find a meaning that pertains to words such as philosophy or a hypothesis. Theories exist in all aspects of life in order to give us explanations of why a certain phenomenon exists. This is extremely evident in the area of criminal justice. One phenomenon I am interested in is the human element during the juvenile years. Throughout I will examine why at an early age someRead MoreChristopher Fry Poetic Drama2442 Words à |à 10 Pagessucceeded in the first half of the twentieth century with playwrights such as E. Martin Browne, T. S. Eliot and Christopher Fry. There were obstacles for this artistic form to find a place in the modern world which was in the turmoil of social and political alterations. With an emphasis on these obstacles for ââ¬Å"poetic dramaâ⬠, this paper will try to explain the new form based upon the ancient and to analyse Christopher Fryââ¬â¢s The Ladyââ¬â¢s Not For Burning in the framework of poetic drama with the writer shortRead MoreEssay about Strategic Audit of Harley Davidson Inc.10682 Words à |à 43 PagesTechnological 6 3. Political-legal 6 4. Sociocultural 7 B. TASK ENVIRONMENT 7 1. Threat of new entrants 7 2. Bargaining power of buyers 7 3. Threat of substitute of products or services 7 4. Bargaining power of suppliers 7 5. Rivalry among competing firms 8 6. Relative power of unions, governments, special interest group, etc. 8 C. SUMMARY OF EXTERNAL FACTORS 8 IV. INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT: STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESS (SWOT) 10 A. CORPORATE STRUCTURE 10 B. CORPORATE CULTURE 10 C. CORPORATE RESOURCESRead MoreA Description of Bleeding Kansas3703 Words à |à 15 Pagesand subsequently lost favor from his constituency, noted orator, constitutional lawyer, senator, secretary of state, and major spokesman for nationalism and the union in the 1830s, 1840s, and 1850s. 22. David Wilmot Democrats their philosophy war the stamp of Andrew Jackson, believing the federal government should be limited in power, except to a degree that it worked to eliminate social and economic arrangements that entrenched privilege and stifled equal opportunity. UnitedRead MoreEssay about The Scourge of Terrorism3471 Words à |à 14 PagesTerrorism, like beauty, is in the eye of the beholder and an individualââ¬â¢s political persuasion can distort that definition. Benjamin Netanyahu, a former Israeli ambassador to the United Nations, offered this definition of terrorism: ââ¬Å"The deliberate and systematic murder, maiming, and menacing of the innocent to inspire fear for political endsâ⬠(Netanyahu, 2001). In an article written by Michael Staples, Major James Scott Taylor Jr. defines terrorism in the following quote: Terrorism is ââ¬Å"usuallyRead MoreGreat Inventors Changed our World3233 Words à |à 13 PagesCongressmen who, at the end of the 1800s, demanded that the United States declare war against Great Britain, some of these war Hawks included Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun. The name was created by Congressmen John Randolph, who was opposed to initiating a war. 7.The Monroe Doctrine was written by John Quincy Adams and first presented by President James Monroe during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress. This was a US foreign policy stating that European should not make any efforts toRead MoreSt. Augustine vs. Machiavelli: a Comparison of the Good Society2831 Words à |à 12 Pagesa state of complete acceptance of each manââ¬â¢s role and how that role fits into society like a puzzle piece. In order to examine each philosopherââ¬â¢s view further, we must break their thoughts into three separate categories which are: human nature, political authority, and religious beliefs. This essay will take an in-depth look at both St. Augustine and Machiavelli, compare and contrast their views, and provide evidence that on some level the two thinkers were very similar in their ideology. AugustineRead MoreWomen s Right Movement And Feminism2394 Words à |à 10 PagesWomenââ¬â¢s Right Movement and Feminism in the 20th Century Women have always experienced inequality however there has always been a fight for equality. Feminism is ââ¬Å"the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to menâ⬠, the belief, attitude and action that work toward womenââ¬â¢s rights and the equality between men and women. Dorothy Smith (born July 6, 1926), a Canadian sociologist with research interests, besides in sociology, in many disciplines includingRead MoreBass Transformational Leadership Theory4108 Words à |à 17 Pagesbit of scholarly research extolling the benefits of such a leadership style. Interestingly, leadership theories much like any other epistemological debate have evolved over time in alignment with the variant demographic, economic, technological, political-legal, and social-cultural environments that dictate trends and alterations in research methods and practice. Hence, this paper will analyze some of the empirical research studies that have been utilized to test and validate Bassââ¬â¢ Theory and it will
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
What Everybody Else Does When It Comes to Aegumative Essay Topics and What You Should Be Doing Different
What Everybody Else Does When It Comes to Aegumative Essay Topics and What You Should Be Doing Different What You Need to Do About Aegumative Essay Topics Beginning in the Next 2 Minutes Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's essential to at all times be critically considering the world around us. Persuasive essays are a fantastic approach to encourage the reader to check at a particular topic in a different light. An excellent argumentative essay is going to be based on established or new research instead of only on your ideas and feelings. The 30-Second Trick for Aegumative Essay Topics Then take a look at a list of argumentative essay advice to help you begin. If you own a list of strong and intriguing topics, you are going to have better likelihood of writing a compelling essay. When you are finished with your essay, you must not just check it for spelling and grammatical errors, but nevertheless, it also has to be checked for logica l fallacies. If you must compose your whole essay in 1 day, do your very best to give yourself breaks so you don't burn out. There are lots of aspects about a sport which can be argued in an essay. In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to discover ready-made essays and use them as an example. The thesis will provide you with a guideline about how to go about with writing the essay. If you're in a college and need to compose an argumentative essay, you should select a subject of high importance. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. You devote a good deal of education on writing argumentative essays. You must have skills to compose a fantastic essay. When asking us how to begin an argumentative essay, many students forget that they should get started with an outline. Your professor or client reads a lot of essays and a great majority are written by men and women who like to play it safe. One particular important and appropriate subject is technology. Besides general knowledge you have concerning the subject, you won't mind dedicating some opportunity to research, writing procedure, and other facets essential for the high-quality essay. Finding the most suitable topics for argumentative essay also relies on performing the correct amount of research which will help you make sure that you won't be having difficulties in finding points that it is possible to argue. No matter the sort of essay y ou're writing, a strong plan will allow you to have a larger impact. When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the most essential issue to do is to select a topic and an argument that you could really get behind. Preferably, it must be something that you're an expert in. The issue is that everybody's interpretation of what makes a great society differs. Additionally, you can warn your audience about certain consequences that could occur if the problem under discussion isn't addressed properly. When you are requested to decide on a great topic for your argument, start with something you're familiarized with. Finding the most suitable arguments will allow you to prove your point and win. It's possible to restate your argument, which is quite a common practice amongst essayists. The Unexpected Truth About Aegumative Essay Topics There are many steps that you should take to be able to write a fantastic essay. If you're facing some difficulties, an excellent choice for you is to hunt for argumentative essay examples, as they will enable you to properly structure the work and adhere to the most suitable writing format. Make certain you follow all the instructions if a specific formatting style is demanded. To locate a good theme is a serious but important job. Your thesis ought to be relevant so the post can use a structure that's flexible in order to fit in the shoes of the readers. Thesis Statement Thesis statement holds plenty of importance in any sort of essay writing. Relevant Topics that are related to your society will engage the reader in the finest possible way. As tempting as it might appear to skip past the extra info and go right to the list of persuasive essay topics, don't do it. Make sure you stick to topics which are simple to find info about. If you believe you require assistance with your written assignments it is preferable to request skilled help from online writing service. So, below are some suggestions, collected and listed from the very best inventory. Argumentative essay is about arguing and debating on a subject, which is debatable. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. In circumstances when you get to select the topic for an argumentative essay, you need to be wise and locate a title that will intrigue a reader. Researching the topic will permit you to find out more about what fascinates you, and should you pick something you really like, writing the essay will be more enjoyable.
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Immigration Problem In The U.S. Essay Example For Students
Immigration Problem In The U.S. Essay Immigration Problem in the U.S. The first move stopping immigration decided by Congress was a law in 1862 restricting American vessels to transport Chineseimmigrants to the U.S. The Alien Contract Labor Laws of 1885, 1887, 1888, and 1891 restricted the immigration to the U.S. of people entering the country to work under contracts made before their arrival. Alien skilled laborers, under these laws, were allowed to enter the U.S. to work in new industries. By this time anti-immigrant felling rose with the flood of immigrants and in this period the anti-Catholic, anti-foreign political party the Know-Nothings, was already born. After World War I a marked increase in racism and the growth of isolationist sentiment in the U.S. led to demands for further tight legislation. In 1921 a congressional act provided for a quota system for immigrants, which the number of aliens of any nationality admitted to the U.S. in a year could not exceed 3 percent of the number of foreign-born residents of that nationality living in the U. S. in 1910. This law applied to nations of Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Asian Russia, and certain islands in the Atlantic and Pacific. In the 1980s concern about the surge of illegal aliens into the U.S. has led Congress to pass legislation aimed at cutting illegal immigration. The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 allows most illegal aliens who have resided in the U.S. regularly since January 1, 1982, to apply for legal status. Also, the law prohibits employers from hiring illegal aliens and mandates penalties for violations. Debate over immigration and immigration policy is not new to the nations history. From time to time, Congress jarred legislation to control the flow of immigration. As immigration rises and hatred grows more laws will be implemented trying to release some of the pressure. Illegal immigration has some pros and cons. I will discuss the pros first and explain them briefly in order for you to get a better underezding of the position. It offers cheaper labor to businesses. By not paying minimum wages to the workers who are willing to work for a lower price, this gives the business an edge over other competitors. Provides culture diversity in the united states. Bringing in immigrants gives more and different cultures to the U.S.. which can expand businesses to other fields of the world. Also giving people a more underezding of other cultures. Lowers the cost of products produced in the U.S. that we buy. If the businesses can produce products and services at a low price keeping there overhead low, then we as a consumer will also pay a lower price. Most illegals are skilled workers and helps run the economy. Other countries economy is also being helped. The workers bring money to their families out side of the U.S. which in mostcases the U.S. dollar has a higher value than their own. Experts disagree saying the cons of this issue out way the pros. Next I will discuss some cons and explain them briefly. Illegalimmigrants pay no tax. If they pay no taxes then how can we as a country pay for public services we as well as they do. Sending money out of our economy and sending it to their families abroad. If money is taken out of our economy it causes a monetary problem. this can cause an inaccurate account of money in circulation which might cause inflation. Lower wages. If an illegal is willing to work for under the minimum wage then the employer will not pay more for the job to any other employ. In fact might higher only illegals and take away jobs form legal residents who are willing to work. When illegals come to this country they do not get tested for diseases that might infect the population. Which can cause a healthproblem. Such as polio, tuberculosis and other forms of diseases. Illegals cost the states money, paying for education, health care, and other social services. In an already under funded programs they give these services a more heavy burden to deal with. Republicans have reached agreement among themselves on legislation designed to combat illegal immigration. But with their package facing delaying tactics from Senate Democrats and a veto from the president, they finished the week of Sept. 2 uncertain of their next move1 Republicans need to show we can govern,2 said bill sponsor Lamar Smith, R-Texas. We need to show we can pass good legislation.3 Dianne Feinstein (d-Calif.) called for tough and controversial enforcement measures, including imposing a toll on anyone entering the united states to raise revenues to beef up the Border patrol.4 Sen. Alan Simpson (R-Wyo.) one of senates leading authorities on immigration issues, also proposed a similar border tax ten years ago, but was defeat in senators fearing it would detour tourists.5Referring to the Democrats If they want to go home and do nothing about illegal immigration, thats a gross violation of what we should be doing,6 said Sen. Alan K. Simpson, R-Wyo., sponsor of the Senate bill. Sen. Edward M. Kennedy, D-Mass., and other Democrats on the Immigration Subcommittee said Republicans would have to choose between passing an immigration bill, or proving their ideological purity on the public school issue.7 Both democrats and republicans agree that illegal immigration should be dealt with. The problem is they cant agree on anyonepurposes given to them. The Democrats say it is the Republicans fault, the Republicans say it is the Democrats fault. With this type of finger pointing neither of them will gain a fast decisive action to resolve the problem. When it comes to illegal immigrants there are a lot of interest groups that have been involved in this issue. From businesses to governments agencies. First the businesses, especially in agriculture. Agriculture employs more undocu mented workers than any other industry in thecountry. Half of Californias 700,000 farm workers are estimated to be undocumented. Three decades ago, the percentage of foreign-born farm workers in California was 50 percent,8 the Chronicle stated. Now it is 92 percent.9 Agriculture, however, is not the only industry with an insatiable need for the cheap labor provided by immigrants. Published by the Chronicle, a list of businesses fined by the INS in San Francisco includes a car rental company, construction firms, restaurants, clubs, a trucker, a travel agency and even a Proteezt church.10 Everywhere one looks today, one sees immigrant workers cleaning rooms in hotels, mowing lawns in the suburbs, pumping gas in service stations, doing janitorial chores in countless workplaces, toiling in the garment industry and doing all sorts of temporary jobs. These business groups have a lot of interest in illegal immigration. They provide cheaper labor which cuts costs and causesbetter competitio n. Richard Rogers, district director of the INS in Los Angeles, was quoted as saying: If we were to increase fines 75 to 80 percent, we would probably have a lot of people out of business.11 Government agencies are also involved. The new immigration legislation nearly doubles the size of the Border Patrol. In addition, National Guard and active-duty armed forces personnel are used more and more along the border. Local police forces are also being authorized to enforce immigration law, says Roberto Martinez of the American Friends Service Committees U.S./Mexico border program.12 Possible solutions to the problem. Faster citizens processing,.. helping illegals countrys economy such as NAFTA which is already in affect. Some suggest tamper proof residency cards, computerize the I.N.S., increases the number of boarder patrol agents, and build a wall around the U.S. and problem countries. There has been many suggestions made in dealing with this problem. The Gallegly bill is one of them. If ever completed by House-Senate conferees, is likely to include several conditions already adopted in similar form by both chambers. As passed by the House and Senate, the bill would: Increase the number of border patrol agents by 1,000 each year between 1996 and 2000, roughly doubling the force to reach 10,000. Make it difficult for people caught trying to enter the United States illegally, or overstaying a visa, from being granted visas in the future. Establish pilot programs in which employers could electronically check the immigration status of their employees. Restrict public benefits for legal immigrants by increasing the time for which their sponsors are responsible for them. This section ispartially obtained by the welfare law, which denies benefits to many legal immigrants. Allows the deportation of legal immigrantswho illegally accepted public benefits for 12 months or more. Besides the Gallegly provision, which is in the House bill only, conferees face two other issues with major disagreements between the two chambers:The House would require that any family wishing to sponsor alegal immigrant earn at least twice the poverty rate. The Senatebill would require the family to earn an income one-fourth higherthan the poverty rate. The House bill would also make it much moredifficult to apply for political asylum, both for those who applyupon entry into the United States or for those already on U.S. soil. Immigration experts generally agree that the Clinton Administration has devoted more attention to immigration than either of its two Republican predecessors and he always has at least two reactions: his initial public statement (determined largely bypublic-opinion polls, which show support for restrictions), and then the actual policy (as determined by his advisors and the various special interests they represent). Clinton proposed legislation that included expedited exclusion for frivolous asylum claimants, an increase in INS asylum personnel, and var ious anti-smuggling provisions. President Clintons record on legal immigration. In June 1995, the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform, chaired by the late Barbara Jordan, recommended a modest cut in legal immigration and the elimination of some extended-family immigration categories. Nine Parts of Desire Essay 8. Moises Sandoval ,National Catholic Reporter, 6/28/96, Vol. 32 Issue 33, p20. 9. Moises Sandoval ,National Catholic Reporter, 6/28/96, Vol. 32 Issue 33, p20. 10. Moises Sandoval ,National Catholic Reporter, 6/28/96, Vol. 32 Issue 33, p20. 11. Moises Sandoval ,National Catholic Reporter, 6/28/96, Vol. 32 Issue 33, p20. 12. Moises Sandoval ,National Catholic Reporter, 6/28/96, Vol. 32 Issue 33, p20. BibliographyTaylor, Monica. Workbook For Political science 5, Western Custom Publishing. Conover, Ted. A Journey Through the Secret World of Americas Illegal Aliens. Vintage, 1987. Hutchinson, E. P. Legislative History of American Immigration Policy, 1798-1965. Pennsylvania, 1981. Bontemps, Arna and Conroy, Jack. Anyplace But Here. Hill Wang, 1966. May, Charles Paul. The Uprooted. Westminster, 1976. Carney,Dan, Social Policy Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 9/7/96, Vol. 54 Issue 36,p2531. Miller,Glenn F., Los Angles Times, 7/1/93,pA25. Sandoval, Moises, National Catholic Reporter, 6/28/96, Vol. 32 Issue 33, p20.
Thursday, April 2, 2020
Dante Alighieris The Divine Comedy, Purgatory Essays - Divine Comedy
Dante Alighieri's The Divine Comedy, Purgatory Dante's The Divine Comedy section of Purgatory is a depiction of Dante and his struggle to reach paradise. He is a character as well as a narrator. The purgatory section deals with the seven deadly sins and Dante's task of cleansing himself on his journey to heaven. He confronts many different people on his journey to self-righteousness, which help and guide him to his destiny. Accompanied by Virgil or reason as he is depicted, his quest is a hard journey with many answers to be found. Dante was born in May 1265 and lived his early life at a time of change and of great economic and cultural expansion in Florence (Kirkpatrick 2). The poet was critically aware of developments in Florentine poetry and painting (2). He also had an eye for the political scene as well. He was elected several times to one of the six priors that governed his republic. Dante had left the city for a short time when a revolt took place between the Black's and the Whites. Dante was exiled and sentenced to death for corruption. Little is known about Dante's personal life or family life. His mother died early in his childhood and his father died shortly after remarrying again in 1285 (Grandgent 2). He gained a half brother and half sister out of this marriage, but little is known of them either (2). There was possibly another sister but if she was from the first or second marriage, we do not know. Around 1277 Dante's father arranged Dante's marriage to Gemma, daughter of Manetto Donati. The appr oximate date of marriage is around 1283, but again not for certain. Dante had three children, two sons and a daughter who became a nun and changed her name to Beatrice (Foster 12 ). After Gemma's death, Dante began studying philosophy, which he soon seemed to fall in love with. Dante was never able to return to the city for fear of his life. He wandered for the next twenty years depending on patrons to help him survive. It is hard to find any documentation on Dante's journey outside of Florence. It is know that his last days were spent in Ravenna, under the watchful eye of Guido da Polenta. The city recognized him as a great poet and it was here the last of The Divine Comedy was written. Dante died shortly after finishing his final and best work in 1322. His ashes are still buried next to the church of San Francesco. Dante's Purgatory section of The Divine Comedy covers Dante's journey through Purgatory and the challenges he faces. Purgatory was an island with a huge mountain towering from it. At the top was Paradise or heaven. It was sealed off by a gate with angles guarding the entrance. The bottom was antepurgatory where the souls that were not ready for the journey resided. The mountain itself was composed of seven concentric ledges separated by steep cliffs. On each ledge, one of the seven capital sins waited on a soul. They were composed of Pride, Envy, Wrath Sloth, Avarice, Gluttony, and Lust. When the soul had released his sin, he was able to proceed to the next level. When he ascends to the next level, an angle would greet him and perform a cleansing ritual. In addition, on each ledge of Purgatory, there were models of the sin as well as the virtues which opposed the sin. These were a kind of test for the soul. Dante was guided by Virgil or reason as Virgil is depicted. Cato refuses to l et Dante sit around and do nothing. At first, he will not let them pass, but Virgil explains their reasons for being there and gains passage. For Dante to be purified, he must first witness a miracle. He breaks a reed in his hand and it instantly regrows itself. Dante is now ready for his journey through Purgatory. The journey is a quest for freedom, which could be considered the idea of purgatory. After leaving Hell, each soul must make it through purgatory to find its place in heaven. Why was freedom so important to Dante in The Divine Comedy? Early on in his
Sunday, March 8, 2020
Free Essays on Sad
SAD ESSAY One fateful day at the end of June in 1998 when I was spending some time at home; my mother came to me with the bad news: my parentââ¬â¢s best friend, Tommy, had been diagnosed with brain cancer. He had been sick for some time and we all had anxiously been awaiting a prognosis. But none of us were ready for the bumpy roads that lay ahead: testing, surgery, chemotherapy, nausea, headaches, and fatigue. Even loud music would induce vomiting. He just felt all around lousy. After several surgeries and many rounds of chemotherapy, Tommy had lost the will to go on. He stayed at home in bed, he didnââ¬â¢t eat, he had lost the ââ¬Å"go getââ¬â¢ emâ⬠attitude he once had. We all tried to give him the love and support he needed, but it didnââ¬â¢t look good. The doctor gave him until Christmas time. Then, one day there was a glimmer of hope in the darkness. Tommyââ¬â¢s cousin Tom Tripodi called one morning and told Tommy and his wife Barbara about an Indian healing ceremony. Skeptical at first, we began to learn more about the ancient art of healing ceremonies. We all warmed up to the idea, and Barbara took out several books on the subject. The decision had been toiled over, and finally made. Tommy was going to go through with it. Various plans must be made, and so the chaos began. Relatives and friends were called upon, both to attend the ceremony, and acquire the necessary supplies and provisions. After many over the phone consultations with the two Indians, Keith and Sean, and their friend/helper Tina, (who all lived in Canada), we were left with a long list of all the things that would be required for the event. Cans of tobacco; twenty foot high, three inch wide birch trees; river rocks; certain colors of fabric, pure cotton only; and the most important of all: family and friends, loved ones. For they would be the ones who would truly heal. Each item had a specific meaning and purpose, and each order must be followed exactly. ... Free Essays on Sad Free Essays on Sad SAD ESSAY One fateful day at the end of June in 1998 when I was spending some time at home; my mother came to me with the bad news: my parentââ¬â¢s best friend, Tommy, had been diagnosed with brain cancer. He had been sick for some time and we all had anxiously been awaiting a prognosis. But none of us were ready for the bumpy roads that lay ahead: testing, surgery, chemotherapy, nausea, headaches, and fatigue. Even loud music would induce vomiting. He just felt all around lousy. After several surgeries and many rounds of chemotherapy, Tommy had lost the will to go on. He stayed at home in bed, he didnââ¬â¢t eat, he had lost the ââ¬Å"go getââ¬â¢ emâ⬠attitude he once had. We all tried to give him the love and support he needed, but it didnââ¬â¢t look good. The doctor gave him until Christmas time. Then, one day there was a glimmer of hope in the darkness. Tommyââ¬â¢s cousin Tom Tripodi called one morning and told Tommy and his wife Barbara about an Indian healing ceremony. Skeptical at first, we began to learn more about the ancient art of healing ceremonies. We all warmed up to the idea, and Barbara took out several books on the subject. The decision had been toiled over, and finally made. Tommy was going to go through with it. Various plans must be made, and so the chaos began. Relatives and friends were called upon, both to attend the ceremony, and acquire the necessary supplies and provisions. After many over the phone consultations with the two Indians, Keith and Sean, and their friend/helper Tina, (who all lived in Canada), we were left with a long list of all the things that would be required for the event. Cans of tobacco; twenty foot high, three inch wide birch trees; river rocks; certain colors of fabric, pure cotton only; and the most important of all: family and friends, loved ones. For they would be the ones who would truly heal. Each item had a specific meaning and purpose, and each order must be followed exactly. ...
Thursday, February 20, 2020
Logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words
Logistics - Essay Example Moreover, from the functionality perspective, logistics in business background can be technically termed as the backbone of every possible type of small or large scale business processes. This business actively supports the globalisation of production / manufacturing business, where one nation acts as manufacturer, whereas the other nation, act as procurer. The major functional aspect of logistics lay in ensuring the fact that the ordered goods get delivered to the customers within the set time frame and at acceptable conditions (Aveta Limited, 2014). Apart from the above discussed functionalities, the means of carrying out varied logical operations are also multiple. For instance, logistics operations can be carried out either in the domestic markets or at international levels. Large scale corporations utilise both types of logistics operations for commencing their functionalities. However, in a similar manner to that of the hospitality industry, the logistics industry also gets impacted by constantly changing economic scenario of the nations due to massive reliance on the utilisation of fuel. Thus slight change within the economic stability of a nation often results in bringing about huge distortions within the overall functionality of the corporations relating to logistics (PwC, 2014). Regardless of the above discussed facts, logistics industry can only perform well if the external surrounding environment projects favourably aid in attaining perceived objectives. Instances regarding multiple uncontrollable factors can be provided that subsequently hamper the effective functionality of logistics organisations. Once of such instances can be related to the inappropriateness of the transportation facilities within specific geographical areas. Situations related to inappropriate infrastructure development and increasing price of fuel often restricts the normal functionality pace of logistics sector. High restrictiveness within the
Wednesday, February 5, 2020
Flim Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Flim - Essay Example Wishing we had never existed instead because our life is a total failure in its current form? That is the premise of the movie ââ¬Å"Its a Wonderful Lifeâ⬠by Frank Capra. First released in 1946, this Christmas drama was originally based on the short story ââ¬Å"The Greatest Giftâ⬠by Phillip Van Doren. The movie starred James Stewart as George Bailey, a self-sacrificing man who is willing to put his own dreams on hold in order to help those in his town achieve theirs. He inherited a money lending business from his father that, due to the economic depression caused by the war, was on the verge of bankruptcy. In order to prevent a bank run, George tried to commit suicide but is prevented from doing so by his guardian angel Clarence Odbody (Henry Travers). Influenced by A Christmas Carol themes, Clarence sets about saving George by showing him how the town would have turned out much differently if he and his business had never become a part of the lives of the townsfolk. In the end, George realizes that his life has not been a complete failure and that his life is ââ¬Å"wonderfulâ⬠just as it is, specially with the town residents coming to the aid of his failing bank by contributing more money to save it. The movie in itself is a study of the history of the banking history. With no real banking system existing at the end of the 19th century, small money lenders helped the town business by accepting cash deposits from clients that could then be lent out to business owners. This lending institution known as the savings and loan system would become the bedrock of the great American dream. However, it came at a great price. Remember the term ââ¬Å"Bank Runâ⬠? It was first used in this movie to explain how the antagonist, Mr. Potter refused to open up the coffers of the town bank to the people in order to help them survive to their next paycheck by giving them loans or allowing them to withdraw their deposits. He is the representation of everything that is
Monday, January 27, 2020
Progress and Prospects of Indian Engineering Goods Exports
Progress and Prospects of Indian Engineering Goods Exports INTRODUCTION The importance of exports to economic development has been well documented in empirical as well as theoretical literature. A number of studies have examined how exports are beneficial for economic development of an economy. A common point among them is that, exports may lead to greater capacity utilization, economies of scale, incentive for technological improvement and efficient management due to competitive pressure abroad. The interest in the relationship between exports and economic growth has led to emergence of two schools of thought, namely export led growth (higher export leads to higher economic growth). Although India has been following an import substitution strategy for long, exports promotion has always got the attention of the policy-makers and planners. Export promotion strategy became more pronounced in India particularly after the new economic policy (NEP) of 1991. It is a fact that although Indias share in world exports is less than 1 per cent today, its share in total GDP of the country is more than 11 per cent which is a substantial percentage that can play an important role in ushering faster economic development to the country. Exports from India constitute agricultural and allied commodities (10.10%), ores and minerals (5.29%), manufactured goods (73.40%) (Such as engineering goods, gems jewellery, chemical products and so on), crude oil and petroleum products (8.5%) and others (2.64%). Engineering industry has significance to the economic development of the country. Engineering goods industry constitutes the prime mover of industrial growth in Indian economy as it has played a pivotal role in industrial resurgence of India since the advent of independence, especially after the adoption of the Mahalanobis capital goods oriented strategy from the second plan onwards. The following facts highlight the very significance of the Indian engineering industry in Indian economy. The engineering goods industry enjoys 30.5 per cent weight in the index of industrial production, 29.9 per cent share of total investment in all industry, 33.5 per cent share in the value of output of all industry, 37.1 per cent share in valued added by all industry. 30.6 per cent share in employment of all industry, and 62.8 per cent share in number of foreign collaborations (EEPC). Further more, recently it has emerged as a major exporting sector and also provides technical know-how and consultancy services to a number of African and Arabian states. As per the data available for the year 2004-05, engineering industry has emerged as the single largest item of total Indian exports pushing aside gems jewellery export which had been dominating Indian export basket as the single largest item for some time now. Thus engineering industry is reckoned as an engine of economic development and one of the dynamic sectors of the Indian economy. DISTINCTIVE CONTRIBUTION TO THE EXPORT EFFORT Indian engineering exports have shown phenomenal growth over many years and are making a distinctive contribution to the overall export effort. The up trend in the export of engineering goods during half a century of our independent existence is a reflection of the progress achieved by the engineering industry over the years. Engineering industry is now exporting an increasingly wide variety of light, medium and heavy engineering goods. Engineering goods exports have grown by leaps and bounds from a mere Rs 5.16 crore in 1956-57 to an impressive and all time high of Rs. 73,800.39 crore in 2004-05. Thus they have grown over many hundred folds in Rupee terms. They have been among the most dynamic elements of Indias exports, and have accounted for the largest increment (in constant prices) of Indias exports during 1960-61 2004-05. Besides, there has been a marked shift in the commodity composition as well as direction of engineering exports over the years. Developed market of the west now accounts for about 40 per cent of the total engineering exports in 2004-05 as against the 9 per cent in 1960-61. The progress of export of engineering goods vis-a-vis total exports from the country for select years can be better judged from Table 1 Table 1 ENGINEERING EXPORTS VIS-Ãâ¬-VIS TOTAL EXPORTS (in Crores) Rs. Crore Year Total Exports Engg Exports % share of Engg Exports to Total Exports 1956-57 977 5.16 0.5 1960-61 1,011.65 10.31 1.0 1970-71 1,535.16 115.76 7.5 1980-81 6,710.70 874.17 13.0 1990-91 32,552.00 4,245.00 13.0 1996-97 118,817.32 17,481.75 14.7 1997-98 130,100.65 19,580.14 15.04 1998-99 141,603.53 18,444.47 13.10 1999-00 159,288.92 22,154.23 13.91 2000-01 201,684.93 30,887.95 15.31 2001-02 209,729.06 33,193.99 15.83 2002-03 255,799.55 43,625.94 17.05 2003-04 294,143.23 56,802.83 19.31 2004-05 356,795.46 73,800.39 20.68 2007-08 133926.23 2008-09 173801.7 Increase in 2008-09 by 29.77% (Source: Ministry of commerce and industry) DGCIS, KOLKATTA. The figures in Table 1 indicate that engineering goods exports have shown commendable performance on the export front over the years and it is steadily increasing over time. The percentage share of engineering exports in total exports increased from a mere 0.5 per cent in 1956-57 to a respectable 15.3 per cent in 1992-93 and again to 20.68 per cent in 2004-05, emerging as an important and single largest item of export basket in India. All these are a reflection of increased acceptability of Indian engineering products in developed countries market, aggressive marketing strategy, entry into new markets and promotional role of engineering export promotion council and more liberal policies of the Government especially after 1991. Average Annual Growth Rate Engineering exports have been registering a much higher annual average growth rate than total exports during the decades of 1960s, 70s and 90s. The average annual growth rate of engineering as well as all Indias exports is depicted in Table 2. TABLE 2 AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH RATE Period Total Exports Engg. Exports 1956-57 to 1960-61 1.15 19.3 1961-62 to 1970-71 4.64 29.71 1971-72 to 1980-81 16.36 23.99 1981-82 to 1990-91 17.10 16.8 1991-92 to 2000-01 20.083 29.35 2001-02 to 2004.05 17.00 25.59 From Table 2 it is clear that engineering exports had registered an impressive growth rate of 29.71 per cent during 1961-61 to 1971 to 72 which marginally declined during 1971-72 to 1981 to 82. However, engineering exports sharply declined to 16.8 per cent during 1981-82 to 1990-91. This slowdown in engineering exports is accounted for by stagnation of engineering exports during the early 1980s, especially the negative growth rate of -4.78% in the year 1985-86, which was an offshoot of industrial recession on developed countries and near completion of construction activities in Middle East. However, the position improved since 1985-86. Then onwards, engineering exports have grown at a faster rate. Economic liberalization of 1991 was a major boost to the engineering exports. It has opened new vistas, opportunities as well as challenges. A few factors that gave fillip to the development of Indian engineering exports under new regime are: adoption of export policy resolution, conferring priority to exports, recognition and concession to export houses and EPZ, liberalization of imports, relaxation of investment and licensing policies, priority to software and hardware technology parks and so on. It is to be remembered that although there has been a quantum jump in the all India exports after liberalization of 1991, there has been a large slowdown in all India exports since 1995-96. After reaching peak annual growth of 20 per cent in 1995-96, it had slipped to low growth rate in 1997-98 and 1998-99. This slowdown in total exports has in fact affected engineering exports also evident from the figures for 1996-97 and 1998-99. This slow down can be explained by slow growth rate of world export demand, South East Asian financial crisis and consequent overvaluation of Indian Rupee, reducing exports to these countries which account for nearly 15 per cent of the total Indian engineering exports and also reducing the competitive edge of Indian engineering exports in the world market, since some of these countries are major competitors of Indian engineering exports. However, total exports exhibited a sharp turn around since 1999-2000. Bulk of the rise was contributed by a volume increase in exports. This acceleration in exports reflected buoyant global demand coupled with improvement in world commodity prices in 2000 and the revival of world trade following the Asian crisis. Besides various export facilitating measures announced by the Government, significant gains in selected sectors like textiles, engineering goods, electronics goods, chemicals, leather leather manufactures, ores minerals and petroleum products also contributed to this strengthening of exports. The exchange rate of Rupee remained relatively stable in real effective terms during 2000-01 suggesting a broad retention of the competitiveness of Indias exports in global market. ITEMWISE DISTRUBITON OF COMPOSITION Engineering exports now consist of a wide variety of items such as iron steel, machine tools, machinery instruments, manufacture of metals, project goods, Ferro alloys, aluminium products, transport equipment, residual engineering items, management technical services. During the initial period, Indias engineering exports consisted mainly of steel, pig iron based items, consumer products like casting, buckets, drum, tubes, trunks, hand tools, builders hardware, lock, pad lock, steel furniture, aluminium, brass copper utensils, electric fans and batteries. However, over the years there has been substantial diversification in the export of engineering products, especially after the mid seventies. A close look at the change in composition of engineering exports during 1960-61 to 1996-97 highlights the forward march of engineering industry exports. Table 3.a and Graph 1 depict the changing composition of Indian engineering exports during 1960-61 to 1996-97. TABLE 3.a CHANGE IN COMPOSITION OF ENGINEERING EXPORTS (1960-61 TO 1996-97) (US$ Million) Items Year (1960-61) % Share Year (2007-08) % Share Capital Goods 2.70 12.46 1,370.83 32.69 Primary Metals 6.69 30.85 1,406.56 33.54 Non-ferrous Metals 2.89 13.33 309.53 7.38 Consumer Durables 9.40 43.35 928.03 22.13 Management Consultancy Services 0 0 177.54 4.23 Total 21.68 100 4,192.49 100 GRAPH 1 Table 3.b exhibits the percentage of share of major engineering goods, as per the latest data available for 2004-05 TABLE 3.b SHARE OF ENGINEERING GOODS Sr. No. Engineering Goods % Share 01 Machinery and Instrument 21.30 02 Manufacture of Metals 20.00 03 Transport Equipments 17.2 04 Iron Steel bar and primary and semi finished iron steel 22.14 05 Electronics 10.7 06 Non-ferrous metals 4.6 07 Aluminium products 1.10 08 Ferro Alloys 1.11 09 Project Goods 0.29 10 ââ¬ËMachine tools 0.98 11 Residual engineering goods 0.42 From table 3 it is understood that there has been marked shift and significant changes in the composition of the engineering exports in last four decades. The most significant change has been in the export of capital goods whose share in total engineering exports increased from 12.46 per cent in 1960-61 to 32.69 per cent in 1996-97, which is a symptom of the marked progress by engineering industry. Thus, capital goods sector presently occupies a pride position. The primary steel which accounted for 30.85 per cent in 1960-61 has marginally increased to 33.54 per cent in 1996-97. On the other hand, the share of non ferrous metals has come down from 13.33 per cent to 7.38 per cent. More significantly, the share of consumer durables has declined from 43.35 per cent in 1960-61 to 22.13 per cent in 1996-97. Lastly, the management and consultancy services that account for zero percentage in 1960-61 has started making its presence felt by contributing around 4.23 per cent in the year 1996-97 . All these show the increasing significance of capital goods exports as well as management and consultancy services, while the significance of non ferrous metals and consumer durables have been reduced. DESTINATION OF INDIAN ENGINEERING EXPORTS Indian engineering products are exported to a large number of developed and developing countries of the world. A close look at the destination of Indian engineering exports shows that there has been substantial diversification in the destination of exports. Up to 1980s, the major destinations of Indias emerging exports were Asia and Africa. However, in the early eighties, the trend has changed substantially with share of Europe, Australia and North America increasing substantially. During the eighties, East European countries emerged as a big market for Indian engineering products, whose share has declined after the disintegration of erstwhile Soviet Union. Fortunately, this shortfall has been compensated by larger exports to developed countries. Region wise / Country wise export of Indian engineering goods between 1956-57 and 2004-2005 is shown in Table 4 and Graph 2. TABLE 4 DESTINATION OF ENGINEERING EXPORTS : REGIONWISE (1956-57 TO 2004-2005) (Rupees Crore) Region 1956-57 1990-91 1998-99 2004-05 Asia 3.76 (73.9) 975 (27.9) 5681 (30.8) 22041.68 (29.87) Africa 1.2 (23.3) 351 (10.0) 1410 (7.64) 3195.21 (4.33) Europe Zero 1410 (40.3) 4017.07 (21.7) 16680.99 (22.60) N. America Zero 40.00 308.34 (1.67) 834.82 (1.13) Total (incl. Others) 5.16 (100) 3500 (100) 18444.14 (100) 73800.39 (100) Note:- Figures in the brackets show percentage shares Table 4 reveals that there is a steady decline of Indian engineering exports to Asia and Africa from 96.2 per cent in 1956-57 to 34.20 per cent in 2004-05. At the same time, engineering exports to Europe and North America which were less than once per cent in the mid fifties now account for 39 per cent. This is a pointer to the diversification of market for Indian engineering products and growing acceptability of our products in he developed world. The important countries that account for the major chunk of our engineering exports in 2004-05 are: USA (16.4%), UAE (6.60%), UK (5.23%), China (4.80%), Singapore (4.52%), Germany (4.2%), Italy (3.76%), Sri Lanka (2.67%) and Belgium (2.65%). These countries account form more than 50 per cent of Indian engineering exports. Estimate of Indias Exports of Thrust Products in Thrust Markets (Unit: US$ Mn.) Thrust Markets 2004-05 2009-10 Country Imports India Exports Indias Est. Share % India Exports Indias Est. Share % Key Thrust Markets North America USA 313.703 990 0.32% 2.359 0.36% Canada 54.333 25 0.05% 56 0.07% Mexico 12.955 30 0.23% 65 0.36% Europe Germany 116.342 261 0.22% 619 0.27% France 69.292 71 0.10% 172 0.14% UK 84.428 418 0.5% 934 0.61% Italy 48.551 134 0.28% 277 0.32% Asia China 49.345 446 0.90% 1.836 0.80% Japan 24.49 93 0.38% 261 0.58% Thailand 10.173 133 1.30% 278 1.45% UAE 9.313 321 3.45% 1.155 4.43% Singapore 5.016 114 2.27% 322 2.71% Sub-total: Key Thrust Markets 797.941 3.037 8.330 Other Thrust Markets 95.477 326 0.34% 880 0.46% Grand Total: Thrust Product Exports to Thrust Markets 893.418 3.362 0.38% 9.210 0.49% Indias Exports of Thrust Products in other non-thrust markets 1.460 3.809 Indias Exports of Thrust Products to the World (Thrust + non-thrust markets) 4.822 13.019 Est. Total Exports of Engg. Products from India 13.296 27.415 Share of Thrust Product Exports to Thrust Markets in Indias Engg. Exports 25.29% 33.59% ENGINEERING SERVICES THE EYE OF OPPORTUNITY Indian IT industry was evolving -from a low-cost, back office, destination into a preferred supplier of high-end engineering services. And firing the imagination of the Indian IT industry is the huge market opportunity that makes a compelling business case for companies to seriously evaluate the engineering services domain. With the market potential for outsourced engineering services estimated at between $ 7 and 12 billion, Indian vendors have barely scratched the surface. The value of work currently undertaken by these players is estimated to be a mere $ 400-500 million, according to Nasscom. Demystifying engineering services In simple terms, engineering services augment or manage processes associated with the creation of a product or service, as well as those associated with a product or asset. This not only includes design elements of the product or services itself, but also infrastructure, equipment and processes engaged in manufacturing or delivering them. Engineering services outsourcing is the practice of sourcing some or all of a engineering services find applications in verticals such as automative, aerospace, minerals and metals, FB, plastics and paper. ââ¬Å"Newer verticals are likely to emerge strongly in near future. These include utilities, chemicals, pharmaceuticals and medical equipment. Showing the way Four categories of stakeholders are seeking to exploit the opportunities thrown up by the engineering services market. Engineering services is not just design. Engineering services offers end-to-end services, including conversion, drafting, modelling for product definition, modelling for analysis, product design, analysis, prototyping, testing and validation, tooling and even limited manufacturing of prototypes. PLM refers to the entire product life cycle management after production to see if there are bugs or errors. The errors are then removed. Industry estimates peg the market potential for process engineering, asset management and industrial embedded systems at over $5 billion, taking the total outsourced / offshore market potential to a whopping $ 12 billion. Automative design accounts for a bulk 65-70 per cent of the market, followed by aerospace at 15 16 per cent, and electric/electronic machinery design at 10-12 per cent. Other key vertical segments considered good targets for outsourced engineering services include utilities and pharmaceutical companies. The biggest opportunity within engineering services is the automative segment where the potential offshore outsourceable components close to $ 4. 8 billion. This is followed by aerospace segment with a market potential of $1 billion, construction and heavy machinery space where the potential stands at $ 800 million. The opportunity in the medical segment is about $ 300 million. India leads the outsourcing market when it comes to auto-sourcing with 24 per cent of auto manufacturing giving it the thumbs up for outsourcing. Bigger automotive markets such as China and Mexico lag behind at 15 per cent and 13 per cent respectively, while other locations such as Brazil, Thailand and Philippines corner less than 10 per cent, of the actual outsourcing markets. Opportunities and challenges India is a significant player in the overall offshorable outsourcing market for engineering services in the Asia-Pacific region today, China and Taiwan could emerge as formidable rivals in coming years. Indias advantage lies in its reputation and ability to deliver technology services to global customers at great value and high speed. India also has a tremendous pool of engineering and scientific talent, which can be tapped for the sector. Access to cutting -edge technology through global alliances with product companies, availability of prototyping and testing facilities, and sourcing domain skills through collaboration with the domestic industry are some of the advantages Indian vendors will have. Engineering services involves significant investments in software and design tools, making more investment intensive than vanilla IT services Some areas of application Product Engineering The services offered extend from the early stages of idea generation, through engineering analysis and design, virtual simulation, documentation and conversion, prototyping and production, testing, knowledge based engineering and PLM solutions. Process Engineering Process engineering entails the use of computational tools and techniques at the plant design stage to optimise expenditures Capital or Operational and achieve efficient production of products and services. Plant automation Plant automation broadly comprises engineering design and development of automation systems that facilitate the management and execution of day-to-day production activities and their associated information to be shared across the organisation in real-time for analysis and decision purposes. Specific services offered include Control System Integration; Process and Production Optimisation; Manufacturing Execution Systems. Enterprise Asset Management (EAM) Traditionally asset management services have been restricted to managing the life-cycle cost of assets. However, technology now enables integration of maintenance activities and functions with plant control systems, MES, CAD/CAM, ERP and SCM. Today, EAM services comprise product implementation, monitoring and maintenance, process assessment and re-engineering, interface development and system integration. EAM helps companies manage physical assets production plants, capital equipment, vehicle fleets, and facilities complexes over the complete asset life cycle. In conjunction with powerful reporting and analysis, EAM capabilities enable you to reduce operating costs, better manage capital expenditure, and improve asset utilisation. PROBLEMS OF ENGINERING EXPORTS So far as the paper has dealt with a general scenario of the engineering goods exports that does not mean that engineering goods exports are free of problems. Like any other item of export, engineering goods are also facing a number of problems, prominent among them are discussed below. Stiff Competition Indian engineering exports have been facing stiff competition from other countries. China, Mexico, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Korea which have emerged as the fastest growing engineering export countries provide formidable challenges and fierce competition to Indian engineering exports. And recently, the South East Asian financial crisis which was under way since mid 1997 had put our exports at receiving end due to overvaluation of Indian Rupees, curtailment of Indian import by these countries (this is because 15% of total engineering exports is accounted for by these countries). Therefore, it has reduced the competitive edge of Indian exports in the world market. However, recently there has been tremendous improvement in export performance. This may be attributed to the revival of South East Asian economies, increase in the world export demand, etc. Technological problems Technological competitiveness of Indian engineering goods sector is low. Some of the Indian exporters are still at disadvantage in International market vis-a-vis their counterparts in terms of product design, finish, specific features, performance and raw materials substitutes. India can be product of having the second larges scientific and technical manpower in the world. But his advantage due to high availability of quality engineers and scientists is lost partly due to brain drain and partly due to stagnation of skill sets of scientists and engineers within India. Although Indian firms are capable of achieving high levels of precision, they are unable to provide high quality products due to lack of supporting process, technologies such as precision measuring, material engineering and process control. High cost of Industrial Inputs The engineering industry mainly uses raw materials of domestic origin. The raw materials price index has risen faster than the machinery price index. It is difficult of engineering manufacturers to pass on the rise in prices to the consumers thereby impacting their profitability. Similarly the quality of raw materials is also not up to the international standards and it in turn affects the quality of final products. Barriers Another major problem is protectionism by developed countries. Developed countries have always tried to block the products from developing countries through barriers both tariff and non tariff. Recent hike in the tariff of Indian steel by the US is a case in point. This will definitely affect the steel exports from India. Infrastructural Bottlenecks A recent study by CII and World Bank has found that although India has the advantage of cheap labour, this advantage is nullified by infrastructural bottlenecks. Infrastructural bottlenecks are the major problem hindering both domestic and exports production. The quality of infrastructure (transport, communication, and power) is poor, thus affecting competitive delivery schedule and increasing operating costs. The delivery time of locally made engineering goods in many cases is 1.5 to 2 times longer than in industrialized countries. Companies tend to lose orders on delivery schedule. The inland transport is slow although the rail road density is the highest in the world. The cost of electric power is comparable to that in other nations, but reliability is poor. Overall infrastructure inadequacies are estimated to translate into 5 per cent cost disadvantage of Indian engineering manufacturers vis-à -vis foreign manufacturers. High Transaction Cost The export transaction costs for Indian engineering goods industry are among the highest in the world. Heavy transactions costs not only increase the prices of the final export products, but also result in inordinate delay in export fulfilment, thus affecting export competitiveness. According to available studies, total cost of transaction of engineering goods in India works out to be around 10 per cent of total export earnings. STRATEGY FOR EXPORT PROMOTION In the light of the discussion of numerous problems faced by engineering exports, it is necessary to evolve a scientific strategy, which should aim not only at consolidating the gains achieved so far but also in promoting higher exports of engineering products. Formulation of such strategy will enable engineering industry to sustain the extreme competition in international market. Various measures envisaged under this strategy are listed below: Engineering EPZs and SEZs There is strong need for establishing separate engineering exports processing zones and export oriented units. A few engineering items with highest potential have to be selected for development in these special processing zones. The locations of the export processing zones are to be identified where there is a large concentration of these items. We have already established general export processing zones as well as agricultural export processing zones. Establishment of separate zones for engineering products will enable them to overcome the problems of infrastructure and raw material shortage. In addition it can attract more foreign direct investment into the production and export of engineering products. Technological Up gradation Up gradation of technology and modernization of plant and equipment are prime requirement for export oriented units. New industrial policy (1991) and various announcements there after as well as export import policy provide a number of incentives such as automatic permission for foreign technology agreements in high priority industries, no permission needed for hiring of foreign technicians, foreign testing of indigenously developed technologies, liberal import of capital goods, raw materials and components, liberal import of second hand capital goods with a minimum life of 5 years without license etc. Further, a number of other steps like offering these units a deferred payment facility for purchase of capital goods and machinery (as this would reduce much of the burden of modernization), partnership with technical institutions like IITs for product adaptation and technological up gradation, accreditation of testing laboratories in India by overseas agencies to enable them to offer test inspection certificate / marking of products etc. can be thought of. Selectivity approach While most of our competitors export a few selected products, we have concentrated on too much products. For instance, China, Mexico, Korea, Hungary, Czechoslovakia which have emerged as fastest growing engineering export countries, it is observed that 85 per cent of engineering export were contributed by fewer product categories as compared to that of India. In 2002, the number of categories contributing to 85 per cent of engineering export for these countries was Mexico 10, Hungary 13, Korea 18 and China 20 while that of India was 26. Facing numerous problems due to lack of raw material and infrastructural deficiencies, most of engineering units can hardly match overseas requirement in terms of technology, quality and cost. In the light of the above, we must concentrate on selected or thrust products and give them a full policy package and incentives and other contemporary inputs required for exports production. The Engineering Export Promotion Council Strategy Paper for growth to engineering exports from 2005-06 to 2009-2010 prepared by A. F. Ferguson Co. had identified 19 engineering products as thrust products for export development. These include : commercial vehicles (luxury buse
Sunday, January 19, 2020
Adults and Children as Learners Essay -- Education Psychology Essays
Adults and Children as Learners Teaching adults should be different if adults learn differently than children do. Theories or perspectives on adult learning, such as andragogy, make a number of assertions about the characteristics of adults as learners: adults need learning to be meaningful; they are autonomous, independent, and self-directed; prior experiences are a rich learning resource; their readiness to learn is associated with a transition point or a need to perform a task; their orientation is centered on problems, not content; they are intrinsically motivated; their participation in learning is voluntary (Draper 1998; Sipe 2001; Tice 1997; Titmus 1999). For some, "the major difference between adults and younger learners is the wealth of their experience" (Taylor, Marienau, and Fiddler 2000, p. 7). For others, the capacity for critical thinking or transformative learning is what distinguishes adults (Vaske 2001). In contrast, pedagogy assumes that the child learner is a dependent personality, has limited ex perience, is ready to learn based on age level, is oriented to learning a particular subject matter, and is motivated by external rewards and punishment (Guffey and Rampp 1997; Sipe 2001). If there are indeed "distinctive characteristics of adults, on which claims for the uniqueness and coherence of adult education are based, then one might expect them to be taken into account in all organized education for adults" (Titmus 1999, p. 347). However, each of these characteristics is contested. Courtney et al. (1999) assert that "characteristics of adult learners" refers to a small number of identified factors with little empirical evidence to support them. Andragogy has been criticized for characterizing adults as w... ...ctions for Adult and Continuing Education no. 91, edited by C. A. Hansman and P. A. Sissel, pp. 17-27. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, Fall 2001. Smith, M. C., and Pourchot, T., eds. Adult Learning and Development. Perspectives from Educational Psychology. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1998. Taylor, K.; Marienau, C.; and Fiddler, M. Developing Adult Learners. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2000. Tice, E. T. "Educating Adults: A Matter of Balance." Adult Learning 9, no. 1 (Fall 1997): 18-21. Titmus, C. "Concepts and Practices of Education and Adult Education: Obstacles to Lifelong Education and Lifelong Learning?" International Journal of Lifelong Education 18, no. 5 (September-October 1999): 343-354. Vaske, J. M. "Critical Thinking in Adult Education: An Elusive Quest for a Definition of the Field." Ed.D. dissertation, Drake University, 2001. (ED 456 251)
Saturday, January 11, 2020
How does Mary Shelley create tension in chapter 5? Essay
Mary Shelley was born in London in 1797 and her mother died just after giving birth too her. Mary married Percy by her Shelley. At this time new discoveries were being made the first electronic battery was created in 1799 by a man called Alessandro Volta. Luigi Galvani did experiments with frogs and he believed that he had discovered electricity present in human limbs in 1802. In 1815 the guysââ¬â¢ hospital in London did the first unsuccessful blood transfusion. At the time there was a lot of interest in gothic novels. ââ¬Å"Draculaâ⬠was another gothic novel it was published in 1897. The novel begins at the North Pole when Frankenstein is chasing the monster to kill it and Frankenstein is rescued by Captain Walton to whom he tells the whole story to. The story starts when Frankenstein is at the university and he is interest in bring dead things back to life; he used his lectures notes who had died, and he also used dead body parts. He tries to bring the bodies to life with electricity. Then the monster comes to life and Frankenstein immediately regrets what he had done. The monster then wants a wife but Frankenstein will not create him one; so the monster decides to kill Frankenstein wife. Frankenstein chases the monster to the North Pole this is were Victor Frankenstein was killed by the monster In chapter 5 it starts in a ââ¬Å"dreary night in Novemberâ⬠and ââ¬Å"The Lifeless monster opens his eyes; Frankenstein then realises that the monster is ugly and that only god can create life, then he leaves the laboratory. Frankenstein is upset and disappointed about what he has created he paces up and down his bedroom. He then falls asleep in his clothes and dreams about his dead mother rotting in her grave. In the night Frankenstein wakes up and sees the monster trying to speak. Frankenstein spends the rest of the night regretting that he had made the monster; he spends the rest of the night in the courtyard. In the morning he goes to meet his friend Clerval; they both return to the apartment and he is worried if the monster is still there as he opens the door then realise that the monster is not there anymore Frankenstein is very happy about this. Frankenstein becomes very ill over the winter and the friend Clerval look after him in the spring Frankenstein makes a full recovery. Tension is built up in chapter five by the use of gothic elements. Which create a sense of horror or terror. Mary Shelley uses pathetic fallacy at the start of chapter five as it sets the scene by say ââ¬Å"it was a dreary night of Novemberâ⬠; another gothic element is ââ¬Å"I saw the grave wormââ¬â¢s crawling in the folds of the flannelâ⬠. Other gothic elements are ââ¬Å"Mingled with this horrorâ⬠also ââ¬Å"dim and yellow light of the moon; and another one is ââ¬Å"dreaded spectreâ⬠.
Friday, January 3, 2020
The Living Planet Index ( Lpi ) - 1963 Words
Over the course of history, many scientist experts have raised the fright and panic about population numbers that only increase every year. According to the Living Planet Report, ââ¬Å"the Living Planet Index (LPI), which measures more than 10,000 representative populations of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish, has declined by 52 per cent since 1970.â⬠Population sizes of different species in the world has dropped by at least half. Some of these species are the living things that establishes the fabric of the ecosystems which sustain life on Earth. ââ¬Å"In the following two centuries, the population increased at an annual growth rate of 6 per 1,000, reaching 2.5 billion by 1950. In the following five decades, it has more than doubled, at a growth rate of 18 per 1,000 to reach more than 6 billion in 2000. The world population will reach 8 billion to 10 billion by the year 2030â⬠(Robbins, 130). Today, we are using and taking so much from our ecosystems and na tural processes, we are actually exposing and exploiting our own very existence on Earth. Nature preservation and sustainable ecological development complement each other. They are just as much about protecting the future of humanity ââ¬â our well-being, economy, food security, and social stability. Earthââ¬â¢s population is approaching ten billion at the same time that resource limits and environmental deprivation are becoming more apparent every day. Rich countries have long guaranteed poor nations that they, too, wouldShow MoreRelatedChallenges Associated With Biodiversity Loss For 21st Century Conservation Biologists And Society1230 Words à |à 5 Pages4 billion people on the planet by 2050 (WWF, 2014), the pressures we exert on the planet will only increase. This overuse of resources is not only making it difficult to support our needs, but is also leaving little space and resources left for all the other species around the globe to thrive, and more importantly, surviv e. This has led to a decline in biodiversity at a much faster than would be seen under natural circumstances. According to the Living Planet Index (LPI); which measures the trendsRead MoreEncouraging the Heart10264 Words à |à 42 Pagessometimes we forget how important they are to adults . . . Research tells us that stories have more of an impact on whether businesspeople believe information than do straight data. Venture capitalists (some of the most numbers-driven people on the planet) always talk about how important the story is when taking a company public and selling the initial public offering to Wall Street. Good stories move us. They touch us, they teach us, and they cause us to remember. They enable the listener to put
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